Monday, April 30, 2018

Jonathan Turley on the loss of free speech

I have no respect for schools that do not discipline students who behave as Turley describes.  I think a three strikes and you are out policy is justified.

If you want to stop this behavior, simply stop sending your children there and stop contributing to them.
------------------------------------------
We have been discussing the increasing practice of students interrupting classes or speeches to prevent others from hearing opposing views. This has included protests where students have been prevented from studying as other students accuse them of privilege or racism. Administrators at schools like Dartmouth have allowed such abusive conduct to occur without disciplinary action, even apologizing to the protesters. Now, twenty students were allowed to storm the Columbia University library Wednesday to protest the fact that College Republicans were allowed to exercise their free speech in bringing conservative speakers to campus. It was a demonstration that not only sought to deny other students free speech but did so in a way to deny students their right to study. Columbia has been silent on any effort to discipline the students. The Liberation Coalition occupied the library staircase while holding signs proclaiming “Decolonize Columbia” and “Divest from White Supremacy Now.”

The Columbia University College Republicans (CUCR) group has invited such speakers as Dennis Prager, Ann Coulter, and Mike Scaramucci to campus. The protesters objected that “Columbia’s actions last October—giving a platform to white supremacists and seeking to punish students for protesting them—was not an isolated incident.”

Columbia students had to endure such other students screaming “Dear students, what is anti-Black racism?” and “Can any student in this room right now tell me what anti-Black racism is? Ivy League! Ivy League! How does anti-Black racism play a role in what’s happening now?”

The protesters demanded “decolonization” of the curriculum since, as one protester explained, “Almost all of the readings, are white men.” They demanded that professors be forced to assign an “equitable amount of literature . . . from marginalized people: black people, women of color, trans people.”

I have previously written that universities have shown a striking lack of courage and commitment in defense of academic freedom and free speech. I previously discussed the utter failure of Northwestern to support these values in a conflict over a Sociology 201 class by Professor Beth Redbird that examines “inequality in American society with an emphasis on race, class and gender.” To that end, Redbird invited both an undocumented person and a spokesperson for the Immigration and Customs Enforcement. It is the type of balance that it now considered verboten on campuses.

Members of MEChA de Northwestern, Black Lives Matter NU, the Immigrant Justice Project, the Asian Pacific American Coalition, NU Queer Trans Intersex People of Color and Rainbow Alliance organized to stop other students from hearing from the ICE representative. However, they could not have succeeded without the help of Northwestern administrators (including Dean of Students Todd Adams). The protesters were screaming “F**k ICE” outside of the hall. Adams and the other administrators then said that the protesters screaming profanities would be allowed into the class if they promised not to disrupt the class. Really? They were screaming profanities and seeking to stop the class but would just sit nicely as the speaker answered questions?

Of course, that did not happen. As soon as the protesters were allowed into the classroom, they prevented the ICE representative from speaking. The ICE representatives eventually left and Redbird canceled the class to discuss the issue with the protesters that just prevented her students from hearing an opposing view.

The comments of the Northwestern students were predictable after being told by people like Schapiro that some offensive speech should be treated as a form of assault. SESP sophomore April Navarro rejected that faculty should be allowed to invite such speakers to their classrooms for a “good, nice conversation with ICE.” She insisted such speakers needed to be silenced because they “terrorize communities” and profit from detainee labor. Here is the face of the new generation of censors being shaped by speech-intolerant academics like Schapiro:

“We’re not interested in having those types of conversations that would be like, ‘Oh, let’s listen to their side of it’ because that’s making them passive rule-followers rather than active proponents of violence. We’re not engaging in those kinds of things; it legitimizes ICE’s violence, it makes Northwestern complicit in this. There’s an unequal power balance that happens when you deal with state apparatuses.”

It is reminiscent of chilling recent editorial by students at Wellesley dismissing free speech protections for those with whom they disagree. We have also seen physical attacks on pro-life advocates at the University of California justified on the basis that such views constitute a form of “terrorism.” Likewise, leaders like Howard Dean have dismissed the notion of free speech protection for anything that he views as hate speech.

As for Northwestern, the official response to students shutting down a class to silence an opposing view resulted in a statement that the actions of the students were “disappointing that the speakers were not allowed to speak.” That is a disgrace. Students interrupting classes or speakers should be suspended and, for repeated such violations, expelled.

In Berkeley, students stopped other students from taking a midterm examination as the professor virtually pleaded that they allowed other students to finish their work. Students are being reinforced in their disruption of classes by Administrators and faculty. For example, I recently discussed the bizarre response of CUNY Law Dean Mary Lu Bilek in such a case. When conservative law professor Josh Blackman was stopped from speaking about “the importance of free speech,” Bilek insisted that disrupting the speech on free speech was free speech. It reveals the twisted logic overtaking our schools on both tolerance and free speech.

Blackman, a law professor from the South Texas College of Law Houston, often writes thoughtful conservative takes on legal issues and was appearing at an event with the CUNY Federalist Society. While Bilek says that the heckler’s caused only a “limited” interruption, Blackman says that it was prolonged and prevented him from being able to give his full speech.

The protesters reportedly chanted things like “legal objectivity is a myth” and called him “a white supremacist.”

Bilek responded in an email to Inside Higher Ed, that the interruption was acceptable because it was short: “For the first eight minutes of the 70-minute event, the protesting students voiced their disagreements. The speaker engaged with them. The protesting students then filed out of the room, and the event proceeded to its conclusion without incident.”

She added “this non-violent, limited protest was a reasonable exercise of protected free speech,” adding that “it did not violate any university policy.” Not a single CUNY law professor is on record opposing this view, though non-law professors have courageously asked for an explanation of the policy.

I recently wrote how Antifa and other college protesters are increasingly denouncing free speech and the foundations for liberal democracies. Some protesters reject classic liberalism and the belief in free speech as part of the oppression on campus. The movement threatens both academic freedom and free speech — a threat that is growing due to the failure of administrators and faculty to remain true to core academic principles.

A clear line must be drawn between protesting and preventing speech or teaching or studying. There is no easy way to deal with such obstruction. Students who shutdown classes or speeches or libraries should be disciplined and, in appropriate cases, expelled.

Sunday, April 29, 2018

EPA, the nature of regulation, and democracy

Jon Cochrane gets it right on regulation.

The lovers of regulation are despots looking for ways to further their agenda with force without regard to those of others.

They are also guilty of having agendas that fail to consider a reasonable set of trade-offs with suitable weightings.

If you let them accomplish what they want, your standard of living will be markedly lower and you will lose your freedom (what is left).
--------------------------------------
My Hoover colleague Richard Epstein posted a revealing essay on the nature of environmental regulation last week, with environmental regulation as a particular example. The contrast with "Environmental Laws Under Siege: Here is why we have them" in New York Times and the New Yorker's Scott Pruitt's Dirty Politics is instructive

Epstein's point is not about the raw amount of or even what's in the regulation, but the procedure by which regulation is imposed:

As drafted, NEPA [National Environmental Policy Act of 1970 ] contains no provision that allows private parties to challenge agency decisions in court. Instead, the NEPA approval process is a matter for internal agency consultation and deliberation that takes into account comments submitted by any interested parties.
 
One year after its passage, NEPA was turned upside down in a key decision by Judge J. Skelly Wright of the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals... Wright read the law as giving private parties the right to challenge government actions. Indeed, Wright welcomed such challenges, writing (admiringly) that the change, “promises to become a flood of new litigation—litigation seeking judicial assistance in protecting our natural environment.”

Giving private parties the right to challenge an agency decision grants enormous leverage to the private parties most opposed to letting projects go forward. In the case of nuclear power, delay became the order of the day, as the D.C. Circuit on which Judge Wright sat arrogated to itself the power to find that any EA or EIS was insufficient in some way, so that the entire project was held up until a new and exhaustively updated EIS was prepared—which could then be duly challenged yet again in court.


Epstein offers another case:

... the approval process for the construction of the 1,172-mile Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL), and its offshoot, the 163-mile Bayou Bridge Pipeline, ...Both pipelines are capable of transporting close to 500,000 barrels of crude oil per day by incorporating state-of-the-art technologies that make them far safer than the alternative means used for shipping crude oil long distances: the railroads and trucks that create logistical nightmares and are capable of causing catastrophic spills, and the older pipelines that are still in service....
In case you missed it, the pipelines have large net environmental benefits. Pipelines are better than trucks.

Nonetheless, the completion of DAPL has been delayed by fierce objections from both Native American groups and environmental groups. Under NEPA, they have legal standing to object to any proposed project by pointing to improbable risks while ignoring the undisputed gains in safety and efficiency that these pipelines promise. ...

...The sustained objection to the pipelines is driven not by any concern for safety, but by an overarching effort to use the NEPA process to stop the production, distribution, and use of fossil fuels.


If you want a left of center example, environmental suits have been used to slow down the still nonexistent California high speed train.

Epstein offers procedural remedies, not ram-my-view-down-their-throats

NEPA thus needs to be cut down to size. For starters, courts should reject Calvert Cliffs. Today’s courts must be much more sensitive to the necessary trade-offs before overturning the detailed factual findings that government agencies make on technical matters in approving projects. In addition, courts should be reluctant to stop projects because of some gap in an EA or EIS.... And third, they must explicitly take into account the major environmental, economic, and political gains that the project has to offer, such as the removal of more dangerous modes of transportation in the case of the pipelines.

This reflects my larger view in an earlier essay on regulation. The issue is not a simple "more vs less" regulation, the issue is how regulation proceeds.

The New York Times offers an interesting contrast. In an article titled "Environmental Laws Under Siege: Here is why we have them" --- in the news section, not opinion -- reporters Livia Albeck-Ripka and Kendra Pierre-Louis remind us of some of the environmental disasters of the 1960s. For example, the Cuyahoga River really did burn, 13 times. They conclude

Waterways across the United States are markedly cleaner though half still fall short of national goals. Recent decisions, though, could lead to backsliding.
 
The E.P.A. has suspended the Obama-era Waters of the United States rules, which sought to clarify which waters are considered part of the national water system...

Air and water is a lot cleaner than in the 1970s, a huge and praiseworthy accomplishment of environmental law and regulation. But that does not mean every current action of the EPA is "progress," and any criticism is "Backsliding."

All the Times offers a reader is a simple morality play of "progress" vs. evil forces of reaction. If you have doubts about the Waters of the United States rules, which basically put every mud-puddle under federal control, then you must be part of a cabal who wants to "backslide" us all the way to rivers that burn. And likely bought off by nefarious corporate interests.

Not even the article title is right. The Waters of the United States is a rule, not a law. The law gave the EPA authority over "navigable waters." The EPA decided to interpret that rather broadly to put it mildly. Your kitchen sink is connected to navigable waters too. And your kitchen sink is not unregulated. States forbid you to throw motor oil down the kitchen sink, so the issue is federal preemption of state regulation -- which can cut both ways, forbidding states to impose higher standards. (Politico's coverage, the first that came up in a google search, was actually pretty good on covering both sides.)

Anyway, you can see there are subtle procedural issues here. Did the EPA exceed its legal authority over "navigable waters?" The house thought so and passed an over ride of the rule. Should, as politico mentioned, federal environmental impact review be triggered every time a farmer drains a mud puddle? Maybe. Should you be able to file environmental suits to stop your neighbors from construction projects you don't like, as Epstein bemoans?

These are the tough questions in a democracy, which you do not learn from the Times' simple morality tale.

In the New Yorker, ground zero of Trumpoplexy, Margret Talbot finished her long attack on Scott Pruitt (yes, I read the New Yorker, and yes, I often actually finish articles) with

"One of the engineers said that it might take a while to “rebuild capacity” after Pruitt. But it would be done. The public, he reminded everyone, “is expecting us to protect the planet.” He said, “Pruitt is a temporary interloper. We are the real agency."

My jaw dropped. No, I am not making this up. This is not fake news from some alt-Right website.

Nor was it at all ironic. Ms. Talbot clearly meant this to reassure us that everything will be ok.

In case I have to pound you over the head with it, this is exactly the kind of bureaucratic obstructionism that those who bemoan the "deep state" point to.

This would not be so ironic if it were not so blatantly hypocritical. The New York Times and the New Yorker are also ground zero for authoritarian alarmism -- Trump is trampling democracy, checks and balances, he is the new Mussolini. Yet notice here who is for democracy and who is against it.

Democracy worries that unchecked power -- the power to write laws (regulations are laws), interpret them after the fact, impose large fines and jail sentences, hear appeals to such judgments, and to set standards on which citizens can sue each other and block each other's affairs -- must be constrained by judicial review, congressional review, and the ballot box. If those get it wrong at times, so be it. Democracy was never about superb technocratic competence (!) Democracy is a last ditch safeguard against little tyrants run amok. And large ones.

Democracy is not about what is the right answer and then ram it down their throats. Democracy is about the subtle question of who shall decide that answer and how.

If the New Yorker and New York Times were honest, they would write that in their view, the environment (along with about 50 other issues) is so important that democracy must be abolished. If deplorable yahoos vote in a president who clearly campaigned on a regulatory roll back, and then appoints agency heads who do exactly that, then the president's power -- the electorate's power -- to change the nature of regulation must be abolished. Likewise if the same deplorable yahoos vote in a Congress who passes a law countermanding the agencies action. Hooray for the agency that can obstruct these efforts and fight on! (It will be interesting to see their attitude when Trump appointees at, say, the CFPB, similarly resist President Elizabeth Warren's reforms.) The right of people to even express contrary views is dubious in the quest for "progress." Just who decides what news is "fake" will soon be up for grabs.

That would be honest, and a fair description of their position. Authoritarians have made similar arguments through the ages. China makes it today. Democracy is too messy, the wrong people can take power.

Let's just be clear who is making the authoritarian argument, and who the democratic one. And this predates Trump by decades.

Let us indeed celebrate the remarkable improvement in the environment in America. And let us hope that the anti-democratic forces among us do not succeed in their effort at such over-reach that the whole edifice loses its bipartisan credibility and comes tumbling down, or the nation screeches to a halt.

Free Speech RIP

Here is Jonathan Turley on the trend toward eliminating free speech. JT is on target.
-----------------------------------------------------
Below is my column in The Hill on the speech by French President Emmanuel Macron and his calling for the United States to join France in a crackdown on “fake news.” Our members were either clueless or complicit in this thinly veiled call for speech regulation on the Internet. However, there is growing pressure from Europe for the United States to abandon its long commitment to free speech — a call that is being heard by a rising number of academics and politicians.
=============
French President Emmanuel Macron has won the hearts of many Americans, from his planting a tree at the White House to his passionate speech before a joint session of Congress yesterday. For civil libertarians, however, one moment will remain chilling and lasting. It is when Macron called for a joint war against “fake news” and declared, “Democracy is about true choices and rational decisions. The corruption of information is an attempt to corrode the very spirit of our democracies.”

While both Democratic and Republican members were on their feet in rapturous applause, Macron used code familiar to free speech advocates, and it is the antithesis of democratic values. Indeed, it is a mantra that has been used to roll back free speech in Europe, where leaders are about to do the same to the press in new internet regulations. While long rejected in this country, leading American politicians and academics appear eager to adopt this coded pitch of censorship.

Over the course of the last 50 years, the French, English and Germans have waged an open war on free speech by criminalizing speech deemed insulting, harassing or intimidating. In France, a politician was convicted for complaining about the rising number of immigrants children flooding the public education system, while a comedian was charged for making jokes insulting to Jews. In England, a boy was held by police for holding up a sign reading “Scientology is a cult,” while the government there is moving to make “wolf whistles” a hate speech crime this year.

In Germany, a minister was banned from social media for calling an author an “idiot,” while a comedian was charged for making fun of Turkish authoritarian leader Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. Others have been charged for criticizing homosexuality as well as particular religions and religious practices. After decimating free speech in their countries, these countries are leading an effort to regulate the Internet and punish “fake news.” What is particularly maddening is that they are asking citizens to give up more free speech and free press rights in the name of democracy, just as Macron did this week before our gleeful, starstruck members of Congress.

Recently, the mayor of London, Sadiq Khan, appeared in Austin, Texas, to encourage Americans to join the European effort to force tech companies to censor hate speech and be subject to government regulations or fines for violations. Once beyond the sound bites, however, the real impact of these laws becomes apparent. Consider the new European Union strategy for fighting “fake news” last week. The East Stratcom Task Force compiled a hall of shame of 3,800 news articles that it highlighted as the type of “fake news” that must be targeted.

On the list was a Post Online article that called Ukraine “an oligarch state with no independent media” and raised the country’s horrific record in World War II against Polish Jews. Brussels and many European countries have maintained a strong pro-Ukraine stance. The article was listed as “fake” even though it was based on a lecture delivered by a journalist who had spent time in Ukraine and is a view shared by many. Russia, China, Iran, Turkey and other authoritarian nations have embraced “fake news” as the justification for their own crackdowns on dissidents.

The United States has long been a bulwark against this anti-free speech trend but that could be coming to an end. Leading American voices are now advocating a crackdown on hateful or fake speech in the name of tolerance. A group of college deans has called for the rejection of a broad array of speech as hate speech, including words that “spread” or “provoke” or “create” “animosity” and “hostility.” They simply declared, “Hate speech does not equal free speech,” and left the definition of what constitutes hate speech for later. We have seen how that discretionary power is used on our college campuses where a wide array of free speech is now regularly punished as either hateful or a form of “microaggression.”

Free speech itself is now often denounced as not a liberty to protect but an oppression to be resisted. At the College of William and Mary, classic liberalism, which favors free speech, was denounced recently as “white supremacy” in stopping an American Civil Liberties Union speaker from defending free speech. Democratic National Committee deputy chairman, Rep. Keith Ellison (D-Minn.), recently posted a picture holding the “Antifa: The Anti-Fascist Handbook,” which espouses the “anti-fascist outlook is a rejection of the classical liberal phrase … that says I disapprove of what you say but I will defend to the death your right to say it.”

Others rationalize such tactics in the name of free speech itself. The dean of City University of New York School of Law, Mary Lu Bilek, recently declared that students who prevented a conservative professor from speaking on campus were acting in the fulfillment of free speech values. Bilek essentially insisted that disrupting the speech on free speech was free speech. It reveals the twisted logic overtaking our schools.

This is not just a liberal problem exclusively. Former FBI director James Comey was recently stopped from speaking by a conservative activist. Many conservatives are also seeking the termination of California State University professor Randa Jarrar after she appeared to celebrate the death of former first lady Barbara Bush in offensive comments on social media. This is why the ecstatic reception given Macron is so worrisome. There is a growing audience in the United States for declaring certain speech as unworthy of protection or a threat in itself. In the meantime, there are bipartisan efforts in Congress to limit Internet speech and impose European-style liability on Internet providers and sites.

Before we protect free speech by killing it, however, Americans should look at what Macron and his colleagues have done in across the Atlantic in achieving “true choices and rational decisions.” Macron helped plant a lovely European oak on the White House grounds and we should keep it. However, Marcon’s effort to plant the seed of European speech regulation should be rejected as an unwelcomed and invasive species.

Gun free zones are preferred by mass murderers

From the Crime Prevention Research Center via John Lott in The Hill.
------------------------------------------------------
Another mass public shooting in another gun-free zone, and yet again the media ignores it. Right at the front of the Waffle House restaurant in Antioch, Tennessee was a sign prohibiting firearms. But none of the news media, neither national nor local, reported that fact.

Even having a president who finally emphasizes the dangers of gun-free zones for mass public shootings isn’t enough to get the press to consider this newsworthy.

Almost immediately, the media was telling Americans all sorts of other details. We knew what type of gun was used. We learned that the killer had his gun confiscated last year after he was caught trespassing in a restricted area near the White House. We found out that he had stalked Taylor Swift and that he had previously threatened people with a gun.

The easiest thing to report on is the one thing that the media consistently ignores. Obviously, with an active crime scene investigation, the media can’t go right up to the front of the restaurant. But they still could easily have seen the gun-free zone sign through their telephoto camera lenses. A throng of journalists quickly gathered across the street from the Waffle House, but none of them provided a picture of that sign.

Perhaps if the media would pay notice to some of the dozens of recent instances of concealed handgun permit holders stopping what according to police or prosecutors would have been mass public shootings, they would realize the danger of gun-free zones. In October 2015, a permit holder protected people from a robber outside of another Waffle House restaurant in Charleston County, South Carolina. not clear from this that it would have been a mass public shooting.

Over 98 percent of US mass public shootings since 1950 have occurred in gun-free zones, according to my research. Given that permit holders in right-to-carry states can carry in the vast majority of the state, it is conspicuous that these attacks keep on occurring in those relatively tiny areas where permitted concealed handguns are not allowed. It could have a big effect on public opinion if the media were to mention this fact once in a while.

Waffle House restaurants have even asked on-duty, uniformed National Guard members with holstered handguns to leave. Only on-duty police have been exempt from the company’s restrictions.

Clearly, Waffle House's strict ban on concealed handguns didn't work on Sunday. It may even have cost lives. But within just hours of the attack, many media outlets were only giving a platform to voices calling for more gun control.

“We can take these weapons of war off the streets of our country,” declared Nashville’s Democratic mayor David Briley. Congressman Jim Cooper (D), who represents Antioch, called for restricting "widespread civilian access to military-grade assault weapons."

Predictably, prominent gun control advocates such as Gabrielle Giffords once again called for a ban on so-called assault weapons.

Gun control advocates have learned little from the Federal Assault Weapons Ban of 1994. Academic studies, even ones funded by the Clinton administration, have consistently failed to find evidence that this ban reduced any type of crime.

Polls show that some surprising groups of Americans are questioning the benefits of these gun-free zones. A recent Rasmussen Reports survey shows that 59 percent of parents with school-age children support giving financial incentives to teachers and staff to carry concealed handguns. By contrast, 54 percent of people without school-age children supported gun-free zones. The people with the most to lose are the most interested in arming our schools.

The national news media isn’t a neutral observer in the gun control debate. It ignores the harm that gun control causes. It ignores the crimes stopped by law-abiding permit holders. Consequently, Americans are misled about the costs and benefits of people owning and carrying guns. This is a critically important issue, and Americans deserve better information.

Tuesday, April 24, 2018

The academic anti-gunners and the facts

Contrast this

More people have died or been injured in mass school shootings in the US in the past 18 years than in the entire 20th century. In a new study published in Springer's Journal of Child and Family Studies, researchers have reviewed the history of mass school shootings in the US and found some alarming trends. Lead author Antonis Katsiyannis of Clemson University in the US, together with his colleagues, found the recent killing of 17 people at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Florida is not an isolated occurrence, but part of a deadly epidemic that needs to be addressed.

A shooting is defined as a "mass shooting" when four or more people are killed (excluding the shooter). Sporadic school shootings have occurred at various points in the history of the US. For example, in 1940 a junior high school principal killed six adults including the school's district business manager. No similar mass shootings occurred in the 1950s and 1960s. However, school shootings have been steadily increasing since 1979. Overall, the death toll from mass school shootings was 12 in the 1980s and 36 in the 1990s.

with this from the Crime Prevention Research Center.


Note the failure to mention the disparate record before and after the Gun Free Zone Acts of 1990 and 1995.  Also, focusing on K-12:


The moral of the story is that the academics were either incompetent or purposely misleading.

Puns and more

















Guns in Schools - some common sense perspective and some facts

From the Crime Prevention Research Center.

LINK

Too many people have a victim mentality.  They are afraid of guns, don't trust normal citizens with guns, refuse to allow other people to have guns so that they can defend themselves and others, etc.

You would think from listening to these people and the media that only the police know how to use guns.  After all, these people don't trust even trained citizens or ex military who are teachers to have guns in schools.

They don't realize that many trained citizens and ex military are more competent with guns than most police officers.  This is not because police are incompetent, they are not.  It is because many citizens spend more time practicing with guns than most police do.

There is a reason why most mass murders occur in "gun free zones".  It is because the perpetrators know that normal citizens with concealed carry licenses are competent enough to stop them.

Of course, part of the problem is that the anti-gun groups spread "facts" that are completely wrong - always designed to support their anti-gun agenda.

If you really want to know the FACTS, read John Lott's "More Guns Less Crime".  It shows you how to think about gun laws, presents the real FACTS, and takes apart the anti-gun crowds claims.


The Armed Citizen


Friday, April 13, 2018

The Universe may be only one of Many - or one of an infinity of them

Brian Randolph Greene[1] (born February 9, 1963) is an American theoretical physicist, mathematician, and string theorist. He has been a professor at Columbia University since 1996 and chairman of the World Science Festivalsince co-founding it in 2008. Greene has worked on mirror symmetry, relating two different Calabi–Yau manifolds(concretely, relating the conifold to one of its orbifolds). He also described the flop transition, a mild form of topology change, showing that topology in string theory can change at the conifold point.

Here is a link to a talk by him about the universe - or rather the multiverse.

I like this idea.  It seems plausible.

My question: Does String Theory allow the number of universes to correspond to the number of positive integers or the number of real numbers between 0 and 1, or an even greater number?